Muscular strength vs. Single sprint performance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2391 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? 2.0 Muscular Strength vs. Single Sprint Performance Muscular strength is a physiological characteristic thought to facilitate sprint performance, mainly due to the increased ability of the muscle to generate muscular contraction during short-term high intensity activity (Baechle and Earle, 2008). Experts have defined muscular strength as the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert maximal force against a resistance once, through the full range of motion (Newman et al., 2004). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Muscular strength vs. Single sprint performance" essay for you Create order Specifically, literature has deemed the force production capabilities of the legs to be the decisive factor in improving ones ability to sprint (Thorland et al., 1987; Alexander, 1989; Dowson, 1998). For instance, an initial study by Alexander (1989) examined the correlation between leg strength and 100m sprint performance in 23 elite sprinters. For all participants, a significant relationship was found between the two variables. In support, a similar study conducted by Dowson et al. (1998) examined the relationship between leg strength and sprint performance in 18 elite male athletes. Again, leg strength was deemed to be a major contributor to ones ability to sprint over shorter distances of 15 and 35m. Although ample studies have investigated the relationship between muscular strength and sprint performance, with several findings recognising strength as a significant facilitator (Thorland et al., 1987; Alexander, 1989; Dowson et al., 1998), a similar investigation by Baker and Nanc e (1999) deduced that no measure of strength was correlated to either 10m or 40m sprint performance in Rugby League players. Moreover, Cronin and Hansen (2005) examined the relationship between muscular strength and measures of first-step quickness (5-m time), acceleration (10-m time), and maximal speed (30-m time), with all 3 measures of speed proving to be unaffected by muscular strength. It appears that studies examining the relationship between leg strength and sprint performance have produced contradictory conclusions. However more importantly, the investigations discussed above only implemented single sprint trials. Current research has identified that perhaps repeated-sprint efforts reflect a more accurate representation of the intermittent physiological demands of multiple sprint sports, rather than a single sprint (Dawson et al., 1991; Duthie et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007). For instance, a study carried out by Dawson et al. (1991) noted that for high intensity effort s of less than 5 seconds such as a 1RM squat or single 40m sprint test, the largest contribution to the energy demands was made by the phosphagen (ATP-CP) energy system. Moreover, Dawson et al. (1991) recognised that the contribution of the glycolytic system in ATP re-synthesis significantly increased when sprint efforts were repeated, which more accurately reflects the physiological demands of intermittent sports. This notion has since received support from other studies examining repeated sprint ability (Newman et al., 2004; Bishop and Edge, 2006). Therefore, although studies have formed contrasting opinions on the effectiveness of leg muscle strength in predicting a single sprint performance (Thorland et al., 1987; Alexander, 1989; Dowson et al., 1998; Baker and Nance, 1999; Cronin and Hansen, 2005), the validity of these investigations appears limited when considering the imprecision of using a single-sprint to assess multiple-sprint sport performers. 2.1 Isokinetic Strength vs. Multi Joint Strength Measures As discussed, it is widely recognised within the literature that RSA is more ecologically valid than a single sprint when assessing team-sport athletes (Dawson et al., 1991; Newman et al., 2004; Duthie et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007). Despite this knowledge, the association between muscular leg strength and repeated sprint ability has received scant consideration. However, one investigation by Newman et al. (2004) did specifically examine the relationship between isokinetic knee strength and repeated sprint ability in soccer and rugby players. Newman and colleagues reported that no measure of strength was related to RSA, thus concurring with other similar investigations (Baker and Nance, 1999; Cronin and Hansen, 2005) who albeit implemented single sprint trials. Despite Newman et al. (2004) notions, the methods employed to assess leg strength may have influenced their findings and reduced their validity. For instance, Newman et al. (2004) highlighted that the isokinetic knee ext ension test they implemented was not specific to the conditions and movement patterns performed in the sporting environment. To elaborate, Flint-Wagner et al., 2009 highlighted that isokinetic strength tests generally require participants to be placed in a position that isolates the tested muscle. Specialized apparatus then gives resistance so that no matter how much force is exerted by the participant, movement takes place at a constant speed. Although this method of testing has been established as beneficial during the injury rehabilitation process for testing a specific area or joint movement (Cardone et al., 2004), the validity of the procedure has been has been questioned in able team-sport athletes. For example, research by Duthie et al. (2006) illustrated that during sports performance, seldom does one body part work in isolation at a constant speed. Instead, Newman et al. (2004) and later Duthie et al. (2006) recognised that muscles are required to work synergistically in an integrated and co-ordinated fashion. This indicates that perhaps using a multi-joint strength measure would give a more valid reflection of muscular strength in rugby players, as muscles are required to interdependently. Even so, studies evaluating the effect of leg strength on the ability to sprint have been inclined to implement laboratory based isokinetic strength measures (Adams et al., 1992; Blazevich and Jenkins, 1998; Newman et al., 2004; Kin-Isler et al., 2008). Therefore, a study examining the relationship between a multi-joint strength measure and repeated sprint ability warrants investigation. 2.2 Brief vs. Prolonged Repeated Sprint Ability In addition to the strength measure used, recent studies on RSA have begun to examine the structure of the brief RSA protocols previously implemented (Oliver et al., 2007; Rampinini et al., 2007). To elucidate, a study by Oliver et al. (2007) examined the physiological relationship between brief and prolonged repeated sprint ability protocols. They identified that the participants maximal speed significantly decreased in the latter sets of the brief RSA test, but not in the prolonged test. This suggests that the brief RSA protocol previously employed by Newman et al. (2004) will have influenced the strength/RSA correlation witnessed. For example, Newman and colleagues implemented 20 second recovery periods in the RSA test, less than the half-life of CP re-synthesis (Gaitanos et al., 1993). According to Bishop and Edge (2006) who examined the determinants of RSA in female athletes, a short recovery period between sprints induces the accumulation of H+ ions, causing a reduction in re peated sprint ability. Therefore, if Newman et al. (2004) had implemented prolonged periods of recovery between sprints (i.e. more than the half-life of CP re-synthesis), the relative contribution of the glycolytic and phosphagen systems will have changed, which would have affected the relationship between muscular leg strength and RSA. This idea was demonstrated by Oliver et al. (2007) who indicated that a relationship between muscular strength and prolonged repeated sprint recovery could be plausible, provided the recovery was long enough for near phosphagen repletion. Furthermore, Oliver et al. (2007) theorised that although brief RSA protocols are accurate for reflecting short intense periods of play, longer periods of recovery between sprints perhaps reflect a more accurate portrayal of the recovery patterns experienced throughout the course of a whole match. This view was endorsed by Bishop and Edge (2006) who stated that a large majority of sprints experienced during intermit tent sports are separated by rest periods long enough ( 1 min) to allow complete or near complete recovery, over double the amount of rest implemented in the majority of RSA studies (Dawson et al., 1991; Newman et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2006; McGawley and Bishop, 2006; Spencer et al., 2008). Consequently, it appears that the correlation between leg strength and prolonged RSA has yet to be adequately understood, and thus, a study investigating this relationship requires examination. 2.3 Repeated Sprint Ability Protocols In addition to the length of recovery performed, recovery mode has been shown to affect ones performance during repeated sprint exercise, making it a key component of any RSA protocol. Recently, studies have produced contrasting findings in determining whether passive or active recovery is the most beneficial in resisting fatigue. Some studies have proposed that active recovery is superior as blood muscle flow is maintained, which enhances the buffering and removal of hydrogen ions (Bogdanis et al., 1996; Toubekis et al., 2008). Conversely, other studies have indicated that active recovery negatively affects the subsequent sprint performance, by inducing fatigue and slowing the rate of PC resynthesis (Dupont et al., 2003; Spencer et al., 2006). Despite this conflict, time motion analysis has illustrated that phases of recovery in team sports typically involve some sort of active work (i.e. jogging or shuffling into defensive position) (Spencer et al., 2004; Jougla et al. 2009). The refore, active recoveries appear to represent the most valid form of recovery when testing repeated sprint performance in rugby union players. Despite this knowledge, numerous repeated-sprint studies on team sport athletes have implemented passive recovery in their protocols (Bishop et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2006). Another factor that can affect repeated sprint performance is the length of each executed sprint. Previous studies on repeated sprint ability have typically used sprint distances requiring 6 seconds of work to assess their participants (Gaitanos et al., 1993; Dawson et al., 1997; Bishop et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2005). However, Spencer et al. (2004) suggested that shorter sprint durations of 4 seconds provide a more accurate portrayal of the sprint distances typically experienced during team sports. Spencer and colleagues based this notion on their time-motion analysis of RSA patterns in elite field hockey, which is deemed by Spencer et al. (2004) to elicit similar p hysiological demands to rugby union. In support, other time motion analysis studies by Duthie et al. (2006) and later Deutsch et al. (2007) reported that for all rugby positions, the mean duration of sprints was 2-4 seconds. This suggests that although 6 second sprints have been widely used within the literature, they may not be optimal for testing RSA in team sport athletes. This may explain why recent studies on team sport athletes have begun to implement shorter distances of 3-5s in their RSA protocols (Spencer et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007; Spencer et al., 2008), rather than the 6 second distances previously employed. Additionally, RSA studies on team sport athletes have typically included 5-10 sprints in their protocols, as this is thought to represent the most accurate depiction of a brief intense period of play (Gaitanos et al., 1993; Dawson et al., 1997; Bishop and Spencer., 2004; Bishop et al., 2004; Edge et al., 2005; Spencer et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007; Spenc er et al., 2008), shown in table 1. This idea was forwarded by Spencer et al. (2004) who examined the number of repeated sprints executed during a brief intense period of play in elite hockey. A brief intense period of play was defined as a minimum of three high intensity sprints, with a mean recovery duration of less than 21 s. Spencer et al. (2006) findings revealed that the majority of intense phases of play were comprised of 3-7 sprints. Therefore, based on Spencer et al. (2004) findings and the majority of previous RSA studies, 5-10 sprints appear to most accurately represent a short intense period of play in team sports. A further variable to consider when designing RSA protocols is the mode of exercise performed. Although non-motorised treadmills and over-ground sprints provide the most accurate mode of assessing RSA in team sport athletes, they have been sparsely administered within the literature (Spencer et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007). In contrast, Table 1 shows tha t the majority of RSA investigations have implemented cycle ergometers to analyse their participants (Gaitanos et al., 1993; Dawson et al., 1997; Bishop et al., 2004; Bishop and Spencer, 2004; Edge et al., 2005). Recently, experts have questioned the validity of employing cycle ergometry to assess team sport athletes, who primarily execute over-ground sprints in game situations (Fitzimmons et al., 1993; Bishop et al., 2001; Oliver et al., 2007). Therefore, it appears that although cycle ergometers may provide a convenient means for recording muscle biopsies, analysing gas samples and eliminating environmental conditions. For most field sports, cycle ergometers provide a poor reflection of the physiological movements typically experienced during a match. Hence, when assessing RSA in team sport athletes such as soccer, hockey and rugby players, the most valid method of assessment appears to be over-ground sprints, as used by Spencer et al. (2008) which is shown in Table 1. 2.4 Explosive Power Although the relationship between muscular leg strength and sprint performance has produced ambiguity within the literature (Thorland et al., 1987; Alexander, 1989; Dowson et al., 1998; Baker and Nance, 1999; Newman et al., 2004; Cronin and Hansen, 2005; Kin-Isler et al., 2008), recent studies have suggested that perhaps explosive power is more of an accurate determinant of sprint performance (Dowson et al., 1998; Hennessy and Kilty, 2001). Explosive power is defined as the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate at high speeds, or (work/time) (Baechle and Earle, 2008). Investigations by Dowson et al. (1998) and Hennessy and Kilty (2001) have tested the effectiveness of explosive power in predicting sprint performance by implementing field based tests such as vertical countermovement jumps. Interestingly, Dowson et al. (1998) identified that the magnitude of force generated during a countermovement jump significantly correlated with the amount of speed an athlete p roduced during a single-sprint performance, indicating that explosive power could potentially be a direct predictor of sprint performance. In support, Hennessy and Kilty (2001) reported a similarly significant relationship between countermovement jumps and sprint performance in female athletes. They attributed this relationship to the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) witnessed during a countermovement jump. To elaborate, the stretch-shortening cycle was found to mimic the eccentric-concentric contractions of the leg extensor muscles experienced during sprinting, which directly facilitated sprint performance. After reviewing the literature, it appears that studies ascertaining the relationship between explosive power and a single sprint performance have produced consistent results, as well as being valuable in terms of ecological validity (Dowson et al., 1998; Hennessy and Kilty, 2001) compared to such laboratory based strength investigations (Adams et al., 1992; Blazevich and Jenkins, 1998; Newman et al., 2004; Kin-Isler et al., 2008). However, research has continued to solely focus on the relationship between explosive power and a single sprint, neglecting the opportunity to examine the association between explosive power and repeated-sprint ability, despite research highlighting the specificity of RSA to the patterns of play witnessed during multi-sprint sports (Dawson et al., 1991; Newman et al., 2004; Bishop and Edge, 2006; Duthie et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2007). Subsequently, an investigation examining the effect of explosive power on brief and prolonged repeated sprint ability appears warranted in order to fully establish explosive power as the most accurate physiological predictor of RSA. Accordingly, the primary aim of current study was to examine the effect of muscular strength on brief and prolonged repeated sprint ability using a multi-joint strength measure. A secondary purpose was to ascertain if explosive power was a more valid determinant of brief and prolonged repeated sprint ability than muscular strength.

America s Sex Trafficking Industry Essay - 2046 Words

Unfortunately, these are not the only ways that people become a part of the sex trafficking industry. Another common way is to make fake colleges or fake study abroad programs. Parents give their approval for their kids to leave in the pursuit of a better career path, but sadly the end point is modern day slavery. In another situation, a girl could be promised a happy life with a businessman. There are even situations of when husbands sell their own wives (â€Å"The Freedom Project†). That is very hard to perceive, just like hearing about the shooting that happened from earlier in the paper. Sadly, nobody talks that much about sex slavery and the countless lives lost in it. Nobody really teaches people today of whom they should trust or not. Another popular way to get more victims is to become their boyfriend and traffickers are very good at it. Promises and presents from faithful boyfriends fool teenage girls very easily. When a pimp or a trafficker wins a girl’s trust ; he can manipulate her and move her anywhere he wants in a promise of marrying her (Frundt). This way, a young innocent girl fails into a trap. Interesting, that all of these huge numbers might raise a question; why the government of United States or even some other country does not do anything to help? Does it shut their eyes and ignore the problem? The answer is that our government does great work, actually, to help solve the issue and rescue innocent people. Since the year 1815, when the first internationalShow MoreRelatedThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1061 Words   |  5 Pagesare approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Unfortunately due to trafficking being a fast growing crime it is very difficult to identify and locate these organizations and victims. 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Is Incarcerating Youth As Justice Essay - 1322 Words

Research Question: Which are the main reasons why teenagers become â€Å"Juvenile Offenders† and how does Incarcerating them can help? Entry #1: Maynard, Robyn. Incarcerating youth as justice? An in-depth examination of youth, incarceration, and restorative justice. Canadian Dimension Sept.-Oct. 2011: 25+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 24 Oct. 2016. Summary Evaluation: In the article â€Å"Incarcerating Youth As Justice? An In-depth Examination Of Youth, Incarceration, And Restorative Justice,† Maynard, Robyn, has done many research on youth incarceration. She wants readers to know how incarceration affect youth’s mind, how should we help them, and what cause youth to be criminal. According to her research, there is an act call Youth Criminal Justice Act. She says that this act allows judges to release the name of youth offenders to the public in order to make them feel shame about what they do. This act causes the decline of youth incarceration. Although this act works efficiently, posting youth offenders names to the public cause negative effect on the youth. Rhonda Buckland, a counselor in a youth organization, says that this act makes youth offenders lose the ability to survive in the society. They become weaker than others and lose the ability to communicate with others. Maynard, Robyn also finds out the biggest factor that caus es youth incarceration is racial profiling. Because of their races, police treat them differently, and that makes them feel helpless in theShow MoreRelatedIncarceration Of Youth And Its Effects On Reducing Crime Essay1750 Words   |  7 PagesIncarceration of Youth The United States leads the world in the incarceration of young people, there are over 100,000 youth placed in jail each year. Locking up youth has shown very little positive impact on reducing crime. 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Underlying Cause Liquidation Can Attributed-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Underlying Cause Liquidation Can Attributed? Answer: Introduction With the due passage of time there has been major liquidation of companies in Australia. The major among them are HIH Insurance, OneTel and ABC learning. The notable differences among all the three have been the liquidity crunch owing to a huge burden of debt and a complete disturbance in the ethics. The liquidity crunch together with the improper governance played a leading role in the liquidation. In short, it can be said that liabilities was the major factor that led to the downfall of all the companies. It needs to be noted that when the debt of the company stretches over a particular limit then the business faces immense problem. Moreover, if the business does not have proper liquidity to meet the obligations then liquidation is bound to happen. In the report below, the major highlight of study will be on liabilities that led to the liquidation of the companies. Analysis OneTel is one of the largest telecommunication companies based in Australia that encountered liquidation owing to improper measures and ineffective developments throughout its operations. Furthermore, the company also failed to implement effective corporate governance strategies into its affairs that enhanced more of its complications. For instance, internal control mechanisms, inefficient audit processes, etc are some of the inefficacies that prevailed within the companys operations that resulted in its downfall. HIH Insurance Ltd encountered the same situation in the year 2001 even though it was considered as one of the biggest companies that had a massive base of assets. In the year 2001, owing to maximized liabilities and debts, the company failed to repay its obligations with its base of assets, as it was immensely burdened by such obligations. Besides, it was also observed that because of inadequate knowledge and interpretation in association with business risks, the company fa iled to sustain in the market. Other issues like improper managerial practices, fraud, etc also played a role in degrading the companys position (Heeler, 2009). Thus, both these companies encountered liability issues that were the major reason behind their downfall. With the help of this report, the exact complexities have been discussed for a better understanding of this context. Issues in corporate financial reporting Financial reporting must be done in a way that it presents a true and fair view of the companys performance. However, in relation to OneTel, such reporting requirements were not properly complied as many financial reports like the debtors reports and trial balance were verified unprofessionally (Sawyer, 2003). Besides, the finance director of the company was proved incapable of assessing such reports for the benefit of the company as a whole. This proves that the management was hardly concerned about the companys reputation and hence, these resulted in the appearance of significant risks within the companys affairs (Heeler, 2009). This also highlights the inappropriate strategies within the companys affairs that resulted in its disintegration. On a whole, the major reason behind the low-income level of OneTel can be attributed to its adoption of accrual system of accounting in a traditional sense. In simple words, since the strategy was outdated, it failed to generate an influence up on the company. Major cause behind liquidation Increment in liabilities Since HIH Insurance was one of the biggest companies, its main objective was to diversify its business across the entire world so that it can fetch enhanced revenues to the company. However, the company in order to fulfill its vision enhanced its liabilities more than its assets that created major complications for it. The company thought that the ratio of its takeover to its liabilities was of no importance but this was not the actual scenario. As a matter of fact, the strategy of takeover only played a key role in disintegrating the company (Westfield, 2011). Besides, the company initiated no attempts to change the additional provisions based on market fluctuations. Moreover, it had the opportunity to control the same and yet it failed to do so. This sheds light upon the ineffective management standards within the company that failed to rectify its inaccuracies. In short, the management and the ethics situation was weak thereby leading to major concern in the system. Future claims This reason also resulted in the downfall of HIH Insurance because proper tuning for future claims is vital for the survival of a company and yet, HIH failed to do so. As a result, the company witnessed a negative trend of 1.7% that played a key role in disintegrating it. Moreover, the major reason behind such weak strategy can be attributed to the ineffective management measures for changing strategies based on market fluctuations. This resulted in an increment of liabilities and since no verification measures were implemented by the management, the situation became worse. Further, it is well known that based on market fluctuations, insurance companies may get affected and adoption of adequate safety measures can assist in safeguarding such situations but the management of HIH failed to adopt such strategy. On a whole, the dominance of HIH in the insurance market and its major takeover attempt resulted in the generation of major risks that caused its downfall. Secretive plans The plan of cost cutting came out to be an excellent opportunity for HIH but it also resulted in the increment of liabilities. Besides, such an opportunity could have assisted it in making up its losses for the future. However, the management did not adopt such measure and instead decided to portray fraudulent statements so that it could grant additional power to the company. The major reason behind the portrayal of fraudulent statements was to conceal financial secrets from the common public and the management thought that the takeover attempt could also be concealed from such a strategy, but this backfired the management and enhanced its complications more. Moreover, the statutory bodies had no idea about such a situation and it was implied that the company would adopt immoral activities especially when it had resulted in a situation of its disintegration. Inadequate planning process Since the process of the takeover was going to be a big one, accurate safety measures had to be adopted but HIH failed to do so. Besides, it was also compulsory to have effective strategies to overcome the issues of liabilities with the companys dominance but it was observed that the company entered the market with no prior research and professionalism. Furthermore, the company failed to adopt measures to restrict itself within a scope so that adequate provisions can be framed based on market fluctuations. This sheds light upon the inappropriate management practices within the company and the situation worsened when false statements were released for concealing facts. OneTels disintegration From the case of OneTel, it can be stated that handling of financial statements was not done properly and the management did not maintain significant reports like debtors aging report, trial balance, etc. Furthermore, since these financial statements were not given due priority by the management, it created major complications for the company. The most crucial factor that resulted in the low revenue figures for OneTel was the adoption of a conservative approach in its affairs. Besides, it implemented two basis alterations in its base policies. The first alteration was that no accounts were decided to be put up in contrast to the companys intangibles and secondly the deferred expenditure policy of the company was altered in the subsequent year. Owing to non-conservative policies of accounting, and decisions to write-off few subscriber acquisition expenses played a key role in the companys loss (Gilbert et. al, 2005). Besides, the auditors also issued a fraudulent report despite the fa ct that the management adopted unethical strategies. The means and mechanism of running the company was not ethical thereby was a big cause of worry. Such immoral activities on the part of auditors are very inappropriate and hence punishable by law. On a whole, all these scenarios played a pivotal role in hampering the companys operations, thereby resulting in its liquidation as a whole. This clearly emphasized that the company was running on poor ethics and that the very situation indicates that the governance was altogether disturbed hence; the management was doing the irrelevant activities (Manoharan, 2011). ABC Learnings disintegration The previously mentioned scenarios form the foundation for ABC Learning that has assisted it to develop in the market. However, ABC also pursued a weak management team that resulted in its downfall within a short span of time. The concept of weak management emphasize that the company had poor ethics and governance was faulty leading to major issues. Even though the company attained massive enhancement in the segment of growth and development, yet it failed to stabilize its affairs for a better future (CPA, 2012). Besides, the previously mentioned causes also assist in highlighting the disadvantages of a company that was once a massive company of Australia. A pioneer in the field yet ABC lacked the ethics and the management thereby leading to a big fall of the company (Kruger, 2009). In the year 2007, ABC Learning became insolvent and hence, it encountered massive losses in the subsequent year. Based on the financial statements of the year 2008, it can be observed that the auditor of the company incorporated impairment expenses amounting to $1.168 billion and a loss of $364 million on the majority disposal of the stake (Kruger, 2009). However, such losses enhanced more than what was expected, thereby resulting in the increment of liabilities. Such losses and debts played a key role in generating a liquidity scarcity that decreased the net assets of the company from $2.22 billion to $284.5 million (CPA, 2012). Besides, the complication enhanced when the administrators and creditors witnessed that the company possessed 30c and 40c each for the current assets for every dollar of its current liabilities. These issues clearly shed light why ABC Learning had to witness a downfall. Furthermore, such issues represent a current ratio of 0.3 and 0.4 and it is well known th at when the current ratio of a company is lesser than one, it signifies major liquidity problems encountered by the company. Besides, this also means that the company cannot repay its debt obligations in the future (Teen, 2012). The current ratio, as well as quick ratio of the company stood too low meaning that the company has liquidity woes (Gilbert et. al, 2005). Such a situation clearly indicates that liabilities were the major concern and ABC failed to address owing to a lack of liquidity. Conclusion It can be observed from the previously mentioned analysis that ABC Learning, OneTel, and HIH Insurance encountered disintegration even though they were highly developed companies in their respective segments. The major reason behind their downfall can be attributed to their ineffective corporate governance strategies and inadequate risk management approaches that resulted in their liquidation as a whole. In addition, the inadequacies on the managements part can also be highlighted with the help of this study. Even though the situation started to worsen, yet the management adopted secretive attempts to conceal relevant data instead of initiating safeguarding measures. The downfall of these companies started because of liquidation and the management failed to address the situation in an efficient manner. On a whole, effective corporate governance measures and other strong may have assisted in this scenario to address the situation. Hence, ethics and governance is the need of the hour a nd is highly needed in the light of the prevailing situation so that any adverse situation can be negated. References Cook, T 2001, Collapse of Australia's fourth largest telco adds to growing list of corporate failures, viewed 10 September 2017, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/06/onte-j08.html CPA 2012, ABC learning collapse case study, viewed 10 September 2017 https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/professional-resources/education/abc-learning-collapse-case-study Gilbert, W. Joseph J Terry J. 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